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Statistics in clinical trials: Bias

There are several kinds of bias that may occur in clinical trials, including selection, measurement, and publication bias. Statistics are used in clinical trials in order to avoid or...

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General toxicity studies

Non-clinical toxicity studies investigate the safety profile of a medicine. Candidate compounds must undergo many different toxicity studies before they are first administered in clinical trials or receive marketing...

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Stratified versus personalised medicine

The term 'personalised medicine' includes both stratification and personalisation, which are often incorrectly used as synonyms. However, the two are different, as explained further below.

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Ethics in human medical research

Human medical research is conducted according to strict principles of ethics. These principles have been developed over time, in reaction to various events in human history, and continue to...

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